Details of Research Outputs

Objective: To simplify the electroencephalogram (EEG) diagnosis and guide the treatment of electrical status epilepticus during sleep (ESES). Methods: We recruited 54 children with ESES from December 2019 to December 2020 and compared various spike–wave index (SWI) calculation methods. Time-frequency analysis assessed the correlation between high-frequency oscillations energy and the SWI. We divided 42 children into responder and non-responder treatment groups based on the observations made during a 12-month follow-up period and evaluate different treatment and the independent risk factors of refractory ESES. Results: The SWI of 5 min before the second sleep cycle of non-rapid eye movement (NREM; long method II) and that of all NREM sleep (total method) were not significantly different (p =.06). The average energy of γ (r =.288, p =.002) and ripple (r =.203, p =.04) oscillations were correlated with the SWI. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that encephalomalacia was an independent risk factor for refractory ESES (OR: 10.48, 95% CI: 1.62–67.63). The clinical seizure improvement rates of anti-seizure medications (ASMs), ASMs with benzodiazepines, and ASMs with benzodiazepines and steroids after 12 months were 9.3%, 42.8%, and 53.8%, EEG improvement rate were 5.5%, 30.9% and 37%, respectively. The intelligence of the children in the responder treatment group has improved during the 1-year follow-up. Significance: These findings demonstrate EEG and clinical features of ESES and may provide basis for simplifying diagnosis and guiding the treatment of children with ESES.